Yet despite it’s vibrant colors, the Black-lored Parrot remains one of the least understood parrots in the world. Largely nocturnal and inhabiting dense mountain forests, this elusive species has rarely been observed in the wild. It’s secluded lifestyle high in the lush Buru rainforests has prevented extensive scientific study, leaving much of it’s behavior, ecology and conservation status shrouded in mystery.

In this article, we will explore everything known about this remarkable and little-known parrot. We will cover it’s identification, distribution, diet, breeding habits, relationships with local islanders, and the threats it currently faces in the wild. Along the way, you will have the chance to admire the Black-lored Parrot’s gorgeous plumage and endearing personality while learning how scientists are racing to unravel the secrets of this endangered bird’s secluded realm high in the ancient Buru woodlands.

History and Taxonomy

The Black-lored Parrot was first described scientifically in 1779 by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, based on a specimen from the island of Buru. Buffon gave it the name Psittacus gramineus in his monumental natural history compendium Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. He also published a remarkable hand-colored illustration of the species that captured it’s graceful form and vibrant green plumage [4].

In 1788, the German biologist Johann Friedrich Gmelin consolidated the taxonomy and nomenclature of all known species in his revised version of Carl Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae. He retained Buffon’s scientific name of Psittacus gramineus for the Black-lored Parrot and cited Buffon’s description and illustration [5].

It was not until 1832 that the German ornithologist Johann Georg Wagler assigned the Black-lored Parrot to it’s current genus Tanygnathus. The name Tanygnathus derives from the Greek words tanyo meaning “to stretch out” and gnathos meaning “jaw”, referring to the characteristic elongated shape of parrots’ beaks.

The specific epithet gramineus given originally by Buffon is Latin for “grass-colored” or “green”, an apt description of the parrot’s predominant green plumage.

Today the Black-lored Parrot remains the only recognized species in the genus Tanygnathus, although some authorities consider it closely related to the Great-billed Parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos) and Blue-backed Parrot (Tanygnathus sumatranus) of Indonesia and the Moluccas.

Physical Appearance

The Black-lored Parrot is a moderately sized, slender green parrot measuring about 15.75 inches or 40 centimeters in total length including it’s long graduated tail.

It weighs approximately 8 to 11 ounces or 250 grams on average, similar to related parrots like the Great-billed Parrot.

The adult plumage is predominantly bright green. The crown and forehead feathers are a striking turquoise or blue-gray. A distinctive black band extends from the black lores (featherless areas) below the eyes and around the curved beak, giving rise to the common name Black-lored Parrot.

The lower belly and vent area are more yellow-green compared to the pure green upper breast and back. The lesser wing coverts are also yellow-green edged, contrasting with the deep blue flight feathers (primaries) and green secondaries. The uppertail is green with yellowish tipping, while the undertail is dusky yellow.

The eyes are brownish-yellow with narrow gray periopthalmic rings. The long curved bill is a bright orange-red in adult males, while females have more grayish-brown bills. The feet are grayish.

Juveniles are undescribed but likely resemble adult females until acquiring the full adult male plumage at around 6 months old.

Distribution and Habitat

The Black-lored Parrot is endemic to the island of Buru in the Maluku archipelago of Indonesia. Buru lies between the islands of Seram to the west and Ambon to the southeast.

The parrot is found predominantly in the mountainous forests in central Buru between approximately 2,000 and 5,500 feet (600 to 1,700 meters) elevation. It’s stronghold is the hilly northwest region including areas like Gunung Tagalago.

It also occurs locally in lowland and hill forests near the southern and northeastern coasts at elevations down to sea level.

The total area of suitable montane forest habitat on Buru is estimated at 1,789 square kilometers (691 square miles) above 2,950 feet (900 meters) and 872 square kilometers (337 square miles) above 3,900 feet (1,200 meters).

Population densities observed in the wild range from 1.3 to 19 individual birds per square kilometer (0.5 to 7 birds per square mile) of suitable habitat. The total wild population is very roughly estimated at between 3,500 and 15,000 mature individuals.

Diet and Feeding

Although direct observations of foraging are limited, the diet of the Black-lored Parrot is presumed to consist primarily of various fruits, berries, seeds and nuts, as in related parrot species.

In the wild, they likely forage for seasonal fruits and berries from trees such as figs, palms, and moluccan almonds in the rainforest canopy. Smaller nuts and seeds are also readily consumed.

Their powerful curved beaks and specialized tongues help them access and open hard nuts and seeds. Zoo specimens have been reported to have a varied diet including seeds, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and some manufactured pellets to provide balanced nutrition.

Further study of wild feeding ecology and diet is needed to better understand the relationships between Black-lored Parrots and the particular native flora of Buru upon which they depend. Protecting areas of intact native forest that supply their preferred natural food sources is crucial for conservation.

Breeding and Reproduction

Very little is known about the breeding habits of the Black-lored Parrot in the wild. Like many parrots it is believed to nest in tree cavities, but no nests have been documented.

Based on limited observations and testimony from local Buru residents, the clutch size is presumed to be 2-3 eggs. The eggs are likely incubated for 22-24 days as in related species.

The chicks probably fledge at 8-10 weeks, and juvenile birds may take up to 6 months to acquire full adult plumage based on the maturation period for adult male coloration. However the breeding season, incubation duties, and developmental milestones remain unconfirmed and in need of further field study.

In captivity, Black-lored Parrots have been reported to breed successfully when provided an adequate nest box approximately 12 x 8 x 24 inches (30 x 20 x 60 cm) lined with wood chips or shavings. However captive breeding remains extremely limited due to the rarity of this species in aviculture.

Overall, very little is known about the reproductive behavior of this shy and elusive species in the dense mountain forests of Buru. More observations of wild pairs and nests are critically needed to support conservation.

Behavior and Ecology

The behavior and ecology of the Black-lored Parrot are poorly understood as this species is difficult to observe in the wild. They are described as quiet and shy birds that are active both during the day and at night.

Black-lored Parrots roost in the forest canopy, often becoming active shortly after sunset. Their unique vocals are described as more shrill, drawn-out, and high-pitched compared to related parrots. Pairs or groups call to each other through the night, which helps locate and study them.

During daylight hours they forage quietly for fruits, nuts and seeds. They may migrate locally between coastal lowlands and mountain forests depending on food availability.

Black-lored Parrots are typically observed alone, in pairs, or in small groups of up to 12 birds. Larger aggregations may form briefly at abundant food sources. They fly with rapid, direct wingbeats characteristic of parrots.

Beyond such fragmentary glimpses, very little is known about their mating systems, territoriality, chick-rearing behaviors, population densities, lifespan, predators, diseases, and other aspects of their life history and ecology. Much more extensive fieldwork is urgently needed.

Conservation Status

Due to it’s small, declining population and habitat loss, the Black-lored Parrot is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

It’s limited range and specialized habitat make it vulnerable to extinction. The main threat is ongoing deforestation, especially at lower elevations.

Much of Buru’s original lowland forest has already been logged or degraded. However, the mountain forests above approximately 3,000 feet (900 meters) remain relatively intact. Protecting sufficient areas of montane habitat is crucial for the parrot’s survival.

In recent decades, two reserves have been established on Buru that protect portions of the Black-lored Parrot’s range: Gunung Kapalat Mada Reserve (1,380 square km) and Waeapo Reserve (50 square km).

While nest poaching and trade have not been problems thus far, any illegal capture for the pet trade could quickly decimate this species’ tiny population. Strengthened legal protections, anti-poaching measures, and expanded reserves are all vital conservation needs.

Increased ecological study, surveys, monitoring, and community-based conservation initiatives can help secure the future of this mysterious and vulnerable island endemic.

In Captivity

The Black-lored Parrot has been maintained sporadically in captivity by local aviculturists on Buru, but remains virtually unknown in aviculture elsewhere.

Very few examples have been exported from Indonesia due to tight trade restrictions under CITES Appendix II. More study of their behavior and needs in captivity is required to establish best practices for husbandry.

If offered for sale, Black-lored Parrots should be housed in large planted aviaries providing ample opportunity for flight, climbing and enrichment. A varied diet including seeds, nuts, fruits, vegetables and pellets is recommended. Further research is needed on ideal temperature ranges, perching, potential health issues, and other aspects of captive care.

Conclusions

In summary, the beautiful Black-lored Parrot remains one of the most mysterious and little-known members of it’s kind on Earth. As intensified logging continues to eliminate it’s specialized highland rainforest home on Buru, time is running short to unravel the secrets of this shy and vulnerable species.

Expanding protected habitat, field studies, community-based conservation, and international support for the Black-lored Parrot can help secure it’s future while bringing fascinating new insights into Indonesia’s remarkable island biodiversity.

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As you learn about this endangered bird, you’ll understand why protecting it matters. Tracing it’s taxonomy reveals the blue-backed parrot’s place among it’s relatives. Examining it’s appearance and behaviors provides insight into it’s rainforest home. Reviewing it’s status across different island groups highlights the need for focused conservation efforts.

“We cannot win this battle to save species and environments without forging an emotional bond between ourselves and nature as well – for we will not fight to save what we do not love.”

• Stephen Jay Gould

The blue-backed parrot’s specialized adaptations and limited range demonstrate the fragility of existence for endemic species. Yet a glimpse of these birds in flight or a chance to observe their nesting rituals allows us to appreciate the wonders of parrot diversity. Through increased awareness and commitment to conservation, we can ensure this unique species continues to brighten the forests of the Philippines.

Taxonomy and Classification

The blue-backed parrot was originally classified as a subspecies of the azure-rumped parrot (Tanygnathus sumatranus).

In 2020, the IUCN Red List and BirdLife International recognized it as a distinct species, Tanygnathus everetti. This separation was confirmed by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022.

The four recognized subspecies of the blue-backed parrot are:

• T. e. burbidgii – Sulu Islands
• T. e. everetti – Central islands
• T. e. duponti – Luzon
• T. e. freeri – Polillo Islands

Recent genetic studies suggest the populations on Sulu (burbidgii) may warrant elevation to full species status.

The blue-backed parrot belongs to the bird family Psittaculidae and the genus Tanygnathus. This genus contains one other species, the Great-billed parrot.

The common names refer to the bright blue patch on the back and rump. The species name everetti honors British ornithologist Alfred Hart Everett, who first described the bird.

Refined taxonomy helps clarify the unique traits and conservation needs of the blue-backed parrot as compared to close relatives. Ongoing genetic analysis and field studies will continue to inform classification within this group.

Physical Appearance

The blue-backed parrot measures about 12.5 inches (32 cm) long. It’s weight ranges between 8-11.5 ounces (230-330 grams). This makes it a medium-sized parrot.

The plumage consists primarily of green feathers, with some key distinctive markings:

• Yellow edging on the wings
• Blue rump
• Blue patches on the wing bends

The head, back, wings, and tail have a darker green coloration. The belly and collar display lighter green hues.

There are four recognized subspecies, each with slightly different color patterns:

• T. e. burbidgii – Sulu Islands. Darker green overall with lighter collar. Red iris. Much larger at 40 cm.
• T. e. everetti – Central islands. Mantle and back darker green, lighter rump and head. Blue tinge to mantle. Red iris.
• T. e. duponti – Luzon. Green with yellow collar. Yellowish underwing. Red iris.
• T. e. freeri – Polillo Islands. More uniform green, extra yellow on nape. Red iris.

The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in the color of it’s beak. Males have a red beak, while females have a pale yellow or horn-colored beak.

The juveniles closely resemble the adult plumage. No distinct young bird plumage exists.

The blue-backed parrot’s vibrant plumage likely plays a role in mate attraction and mating rituals. The differences between subspecies may relate to localized adaptations. The red iris common to most populations also seems significant, possibly aiding with visualization.

Habitat and Distribution

The blue-backed parrot resides exclusively in the Philippines, ranging across the islands of Luzon, Polillo, Panay, Negros, Leyte, Samar, and Mindanao.

This species mainly inhabits lowland and lower montane forests up to approximately 2600 feet (800 m) in elevation. Flocks frequent forest edges and areas of cultivation near primary forest.

The four subspecies each occupy defined portions of the overall range:

• T. e. burbidgii – Sulu Archipelago
• T. e. everetti – Central and southern islands
• T. e. duponti – Luzon
• T. e. freeri – Polillo Islands

The total extent of occurrence across the blue-backed parrot’s island chain habitat is estimated at less than 46,300 square miles (120,000 square km).

Within these forests, blue-backed parrots prefer intact primary rainforest with large trees for nesting. They also utilize adjacent degraded forests and wooded cultivation for foraging. The dependence on native forest habitat makes the species vulnerable to deforestation.

Protecting substantial tracts of lowland forest across the Philippines will be crucial for sustaining wild populations. Ecotourism potential also exists if sightings can be reliably provided while limiting disturbance to breeding birds.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of the blue-backed parrot consists mainly of fruits, seeds, nuts, and berries.

Based on related species, they likely consume fruits from native forest trees such as figs (Ficus sp.) and tea trees (Leptospermum sp.).

Nuts and seeds also seem to be a dietary staple, particularly those of rainforest canopy trees. The strong beak allows the parrots to crack open hard nuts and seeds.

Berries and other soft fruits provide abundant nutrition when in season. The birds swallow these fruits whole.

These parrots employ a variety of feeding behaviors and methods:

• Foraging in small flocks, most active in early morning and late afternoon
• Perching and reaching to pick fruits and berries
• Climbing along branches to reach seed pods
• Floating seeds in water to separate edible portion
• Cracking hard nuts and seeds with their beak

This diverse diet based on wild rainforest foods provides key nutrition for the parrots. But it also means protecting food trees within native forest habitat is essential for preserving food resources. Provisioning with cultivated fruits may help supplement wild populations.

Breeding and Reproduction

Little detailed information exists on the breeding habits of the blue-backed parrot, but some inferences can be made based on related species.

They likely nest in naturally forming tree cavities, or possibly old woodpecker holes. The nest site is probably 10-30 feet (3-9 m) high up in a large rainforest tree.

Clutch size is estimated at 2-3 eggs. The female incubates the eggs for about 23-25 days.

Both parents feed the hatchlings with regurgitated food. The chicks fledge at 8-10 weeks old.

Breeding season activity seems to peak in April, but may vary across the species’ range.

Courtship rituals probably involve vocalizations and displays of the colorful plumage. The birds may breed as solitary pairs or in small colonies with other pairs.

Nesting sites are actively guarded and defended. Parent birds are likely very protective of eggs and young.

Loss of mature nest trees and suitable rainforest habitat poses a grave threat to breeding success. Protecting known and potential nesting areas will be key for conservation.

More field research is urgently needed on the breeding ecology and early life stages of the blue-backed parrot. Captive breeding programs may also aid the species’ recovery.

Ecology and Behavior

The blue-backed parrot is endemic to the Philippine islands, with behaviors likely adapted to it’s rainforest habitat.

These parrots are usually encountered singly, in pairs, or in small flocks of less than 10 individuals. They tend to be quiet and discreet compared to other parrot species.

Flocks actively forage in the mornings and late afternoons, spending midday periods resting. The blue-backed parrot is described as more active in dim light, including dusk and dawn periods.

Vocalizations probably include various squawks, screeches, and barking sounds. The function of calls likely involves communication between flock members and mate attraction.

Nesting sites are chosen in natural tree cavities or former woodpecker holes 10-30 feet (3-9 m) up in large trees. The birds may nest solitarily or in loose colonies.

Clutch size is small at just 2-3 eggs. The female incubates the eggs while the male provides food. Both parents care for the altricial hatchlings.

These behaviors reflect adaptation to their native forest habitat and available food sources. However, the dependence on specific rainforest conditions also increases the risks associated with deforestation and habitat degradation.

Ongoing study of wild populations will reveal more about the ecology and behaviors of this rare species. This can in turn inform management plans aiming to support the natural behaviors and habitat requirements of the blue-backed parrot.

Conservation Status

The global population of blue-backed parrots is estimated to be only 375-1500 mature individuals.

The IUCN Red List categorizes the species as Endangered.

Blue-backed parrots are also listed in Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).

Several factors have contributed to the parrot’s threatened status:

• Habitat loss from logging and conversion of forests to agriculture
• Over-collection for the pet trade
• Persecution as a crop pest
• Mining and pollution impacts on island ecosystems

The species is likely extinct on the islands of Negros and Siquijor. Remaining populations are critically low on Luzon, Mindoro, and other islands.

Urgent conservation actions needed:

• Surveys to update population estimates
• Monitoring and protection of wild populations
• Expanded protected forests, especially lowland areas
• Captive breeding programs
• Crackdown on illegal trapping for the pet trade

Community-based habitat restoration projects can also help restore degraded areas.

Increased public awareness and pride in this endemic species may aid conservation efforts. But time is running short for the rare blue-backed parrot. A concerted effort by scientists, government agencies, local communities and conservation groups can help ensure the species persists in the wild.

Relationship to Humans

Human activities have both positively and negatively impacted the blue-backed parrot.

Unfortunately, trapping of these birds for the pet trade has significantly reduced wild populations over decades. Their vocal nature and attractive coloration fuels demand.

Blue-backed parrots face persecution by farmers in some areas due to occasional crop damage. The birds are shot or trapped as pests.

Habitat loss from logging, mining, and conversion to agriculture has degraded and fragmented the lowland forest ecosystems these parrots depend on.

However, some local communities take pride in the blue-backed parrot as a unique, endemic species. Birdwatching tourism brings income while also raising awareness.

Conservation programs aim to reduce poaching and engage local people in habitat protection.

Captive breeding initiatives may aid recovery, but require careful management to avoid hybridization and maintain genetic integrity.

On balance, humans have tipped the scales toward endangerment for the blue-backed parrot. But a more sustainable path is possible, where people serve as stewards of the environment. This magnificent parrot still has a chance to rebound if properly protected.

Conclusion

The blue-backed parrot is a vivid tropical bird clinging to survival in the Philippine archipelago. With it’s green and blue plumage accented in red, yellow, and orange, it is unmistakable among it’s relatives.

This species faces grave threats from habitat destruction and over-collection. It’s specialized habitat needs and limited range render the blue-backed parrot highly vulnerable to extinction. Only an estimated 375-1500 adults remain in the wild.

But this brilliant bird still has a chance thanks to protective laws and habitat conservation efforts. It’s role as an endemic Philippine species may also motivate citizens to save it.

The blue-backed parrot serves as just one example of the unique biodiversity found across oceanic islands worldwide. Each island ecosystem contributes specialized plants and animals. When a species disappears forever, it takes with it millions of years of evolutionary history.

Conserving endemic island wildlife requires tailored conservation plans informed by research. For the blue-backed parrot, protecting intact rainforest across it’s range remains key. Captive breeding, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement can further bolster survival odds.

With commitment from government agencies, scientists, local communities and conservation groups, the blue-backed parrot can persist for future generations. Saving this species preserves both biological heritage and human wonder at nature’s marvels.

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Blue-naped Parrots go by many other common names, including Blue-crowned Green Parrots, Luzon Parrots, and Philippine Green Parrots. But no matter what you call them, these parrots are a treasured part of the avifauna of the Philippines. Their conservation is important to preserve both the biodiversity of the islands and a symbol of national pride.

“The blue-naped parrot is considered by many to be a national treasure of the Philippines.”

In this article, we will explore the natural history of the Blue-naped Parrot, including it’s taxonomy, physical appearance, habitat requirements, diet, ecology, reproduction, and current conservation status. We’ll also touch on some interesting facts about it’s history and significance to Philippine culture over the centuries. Whether you’re a bird enthusiast, world traveler, or armchair naturalist, learning more about this vivid island parrot is a rewarding experience.

History and Taxonomy

The Blue-naped Parrot was first scientifically described in 1760 by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. His description was based on a specimen collected from Luzon Island in the Philippines.

Brisson gave it the scientific name Psittacus lucionensis, with the specific epithet referring to Luzon. Though Brisson named the species, his taxonomies are not officially recognized.

In 1766, Carl Linnaeus gave the Blue-naped Parrot it’s current official binomial name Tanygnathus lucionensis in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae.

The genus name Tanygnathus is derived from the Greek words “tanygnathos” meaning “long jaws.” This refers to the parrot’s large powerful beak.

Three subspecies of the Blue-naped Parrot are recognized:

• T. l. lucionensis – Native to Luzon and Mindoro islands
• T. l. hybridus – Found only on Polillo Islands
• T. l. talautensis – Ranges across central/south Philippines and Talaud Islands

The subspecies differ slightly in the extent of blue plumage on the crown, nape, and back. But all share the core green and blue coloration of this stunning endemic parrot.

Physical Appearance

The Blue-naped Parrot is a medium-sized parrot, measuring about 12 inches or 31 cm in total length. Their average weight ranges between 7-8 ounces or 200-230 grams.

These parrots have vivid green plumage covering most of their body, wings, and tail. As their name suggests, adult birds have a distinctive light blue patch on the crown and nape (back) of the neck. The lower back and rump are also pale blue.

Other distinctive markings include scalloped black shoulders with orange-brown edges on the wing coverts. The underwings are blackish in color with some green underwing coverts.

There are three recognized subspecies of the Blue-naped Parrot:

• T. l. lucionensis – Found on Luzon and Mindoro islands. Most extensive blue on crown and nape.
• T. l. hybridus – Native to Polillo Islands. Blue crown tinged violet, more green on wings.
• T. l. talautensis – Ranges across central/south Philippines. No blue on lower back.

The eyes are yellow in adults and grey in juveniles. The bill is a bright red-orange that emerges even in nestlings before they are fully feathered.

Habitat and Distribution

The Blue-naped Parrot is endemic to the Philippines, found throughout the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and others. It has also been introduced to some islands off the coast of Sabah, Malaysia.

This species inhabits secondary forest areas, forest edges, coconut groves, and wooded cultivated areas. It’s elevation range extends up to about 3,300 feet or 1,000 meters.

The different subspecies have the following distribution:

• T. l. lucionensis – Native to Luzon and Mindoro islands.
• T. l. hybridus – Only found on Polillo Islands.
• T. l. talautensis – Ranges across the central and southern Philippines. Also occurs on the Talaud Islands, Indonesia.

Within it’s forest habitat, Blue-naped Parrots often forage at the forest edges and open areas. They roost in the upper canopy of tall trees.

Diet and Feeding

The diet of Blue-naped Parrots consists mainly of fruits, seeds, nuts, and grains. Their preferred foods in the wild include:

• Berries and fruits – figs, mangoes, bananas, papaya
• Palm fruits and young coconuts
• Seeds of native trees and shrubs
• Grains like corn, oats, and rice

These parrots use their strong curved beaks to crack into seeds and nuts. They may also dig into unripe fruits.

Blue-naped Parrots forage for food in small flocks of up to 12 birds. They make daily movements between roosting sites and feeding areas at dawn and dusk.

In captivity, their diet can be supplemented with:

• Chopped fruits and vegetables – apple, pear, carrot, sweet potato
• Sprouted beans, lentils, or other seeds
• Shelled nuts like pecans, walnuts, hazelnuts
• Cooked brown rice, quinoa, pasta
• Pellets and seed mixes

A varied diet supports good health and nutrition in captive Blue-naped Parrots. Fresh water should be available at all times.

Breeding and Reproduction

In the wild, the breeding season for Blue-naped Parrots lasts from April through June. They nest in natural tree cavities, choosing holes with entrances around 4 inches or 10 cm wide.

The average clutch size is 2-3 eggs. The eggs are broad and elliptical, roughly 1.5 x 1 inches or 38.5 x 27 mm in size.

Only the female incubates the eggs. The incubation period lasts around 25 days. Once hatched, the chicks are fed and cared for by both parents.

The chicks fledge at around 9 weeks of age. Their hatching weight is about 0.35 ounces or 10 grams. The fledging weight is not well documented.

In captivity, Blue-naped Parrots can be encouraged to breed by providing a nest box approximately 10 x 10 x 22 inches (25 x 25 x 56 cm). The inside can be lined with soft wood shavings or a layer of aspen chips. Providing natural branches and a cuttlebone encourages beak conditioning and nesting behaviors. A breeding diet with added calcium is also recommended.

Behavior and Ecology

Blue-naped Parrots are highly social birds that live in flocks year-round. Their flock sizes are usually less than 12 individuals. Flocks may include pair bonds and family groups.

These parrots are active from dawn to dusk each day. In the morning they leave their roosting sites to forage and feed. At dusk they return to roost communally in tall trees.

Their flight is swift and direct. Their calls are loud, harsh, and raspy, described as “screeching” by some observers.

Blue-naped Parrots may associate with other parrot species while foraging. Groups are sometimes seen feeding alongside Golden-mantled Racquet-tails.

Within flocks there are complex social dynamics. Pairs preen each other frequently as bonding behaviors. Dominance hierarchies determine access to food sources and nesting sites.

Roosting flocks help provide safety through group vigilance. Flocks take flight rapidly and loudly when disturbed or alarmed.

Overall, the flocking behavior and vocalizations of Blue-naped Parrots support social bonding, territoriality, and predator detection. Their social nature is a key aspect of their ecology.

Conservation Status

The Blue-naped Parrot is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Though still relatively widespread, it’s population is decreasing.

Current estimates put the global population at 2,500-10,000 mature individuals. However, their numbers have declined up to 30% over the last several decades.

The major threats facing Blue-naped Parrots are:

• Habitat loss due to deforestation
• Capture for the pet trade
• Competition for nest sites

They are now rare and localized on many Philippine islands. The exceptions are Mindoro and Palawan, where healthy populations remain.

Blue-naped Parrots are listed on Appendix II of CITES, which regulates their trade. They are also protected under Philippine law, which prohibits their capture, sale, or export.

Conservation actions needed include protecting remaining forest habitats and limiting the trapping of wild parrots for the pet trade. Ecotourism and education programs can also help promote the value of these birds to the public. With appropriate conservation measures, the unique Blue-naped Parrot can thrive well into the future.

Cultural Significance

The Blue-naped Parrot holds a special place in the culture and psyche of the Philippines. This colorful endemic bird is seen as a national treasure.

Images of the Blue-naped Parrot are sometimes used in Philippine art, handicrafts, advertising, and graphic design. It often appears on tourist souvenirs.

Colloquially known as “pikoy,” the Blue-naped Parrot remains an iconic and quintessentially Philippine bird. It’s persistence in the wild symbolizes the richness of the country’s natural heritage.

Conserving this charismatic parrot is important not just for ecological reasons, but also to preserve part of the cultural fabric of the Philippines. Protecting the species demonstrates national pride and honors this unique island biodiversity.

Conclusion

The Blue-naped Parrot is a vibrant tropical parrot endemic to the Philippine archipelago. With it’s bright green and blue plumage, it stands out in it’s forest habitat.

This medium-sized parrot measures about 12 inches (31 cm) long and weighs 7-8 ounces (200-230 g). It’s diet consists of fruits, seeds, nuts and grains foraged in the forest canopy.

Blue-naped Parrots breed during the summer months, nesting in tree cavities. Though still relatively widespread, habitat loss and trapping have led to population declines.

Three subspecies are recognized, with variations in the extent of blue plumage and geographic ranges. The Talaud Islands subspecies T. l. talautensis is the most threatened.

Conservation efforts are needed to protect remaining forest habitat and limit poaching. This endemic parrot is ingrained in Philippine culture and deserves a secure future.

The Blue-naped Parrot highlights the unique biodiversity of these islands. Learning about this charismatic species provides insights into the ecology of Southeast Asia and beyond.

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Known also as the Moluccan Parrot or Island Parrot, the Great-billed Parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos) has a long and storied history, first gaining recognition by European scientists in the late 1700s. Since then, it’s taxonomic status has been parsed into multiple subspecies that vary in appearance and distribution across Indonesia, East Timor, and the Philippines.

Despite some decline due to trapping for the pet trade, the Great-billed Parrot remains relatively widespread and numerous in the wild. However, it’s specialized habitat requirements make conservation a priority in some areas.

In this article, we will explore the natural history, physical characteristics, breeding habits, vocalizations, conservation status, and avicultural needs of this magnificent island parrot. Getting to know the Great-billed Parrot provides a window into the diverse birdlife of Indonesia and the complexities of managing vulnerable species across scattered island chains.

History and Taxonomy

The first scientific description of the Great-billed Parrot came in 1780 from the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. His account in Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux was based on a specimen collected from the island of New Guinea.

The species was later given it’s scientific name Psittacus megalorynchos in 1783 by the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert. This was based on an illustration from François-Nicolas Martinet’s Planches Enluminées D’Histoire Naturelle, a collection commissioned by Buffon.

In 1832, the German zoologist Johann Wagler moved this species to it’s current genus, Tanygnathus. The name is derived from the Greek words tanyo meaning “to stretch out”, and gnathos meaning “jaw”, referring to the parrot’s large bill.

Today, eight subspecies of the Great-billed Parrot are recognized:

• T. m. megalorhynchus – Sulawesi and nearby islands to Maluku and west Papuan islands
• T. m. affinis – south Maluku Islands
• T. m. subaffinis – Tanimbar Islands, Babar Island
• T. m. hellmayri – southwest Timor, Semau and Roti Islands
• T. m. viridipennis – Kalaotoa and Madu Islands, south of Sulawesi
• T. m. sumbensis – Sumba, Lesser Sunda Islands
• T. m. floris – Flores, Lesser Sunda Islands
• T. m. djampeae – Tanahjampea and Kalao Islands, south of Sulawesi

These subspecies vary slightly in size, mass, and coloration across their ranges.

Physical Appearance

The Great-billed Parrot is a medium-sized parrot measuring 16-16.4 inches (38–41 cm) long.

It’s plumage is primarily green, with some blue and yellow highlights:

• Head, neck, breast, belly, and underside of wings are greenish-yellow
• Back, rump, and upper side of wings are green
• Flight feathers are blue with green edges
• Shoulders and wing coverts are black with blue and yellow edges
• Tail is green above, yellowish below

The most striking feature is the massive cherry red bill, which measures 2.4-2.8 inches (6–7 cm) long. The iris is cream-colored and legs are gray.

Males and females look similar, but females are noticeably smaller at 13-15 inches (33–38 cm) long with a weight of 9-13 ounces (260-375 grams). Males are larger at 15-16 inches (38–41 cm) long and weigh 13-14 ounces (375-400 grams).

Juveniles have duller green plumage overall. Their wing feathers lack the black, blue, and yellow accents. The massive bill is still present but is more pinkish in color.

The subspecies vary somewhat in size and in the amount of blue edging on the wings and mantle. The smallest subspecies is T. m. sumbensis of Sumba island, while T. m. megalorhynchos of Sulawesi is the largest.

Habitat and Distribution

The Great-billed Parrot inhabits forests across a chain of islands in southeast Asia. It’s range extends from the Sulu and Talaud Islands in the Philippines south through Sulawesi, the Molucca Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, Raja Ampat Islands, and scattered small islands off western New Guinea.

This species is found in coastal lowlands up to elevations of 3,300 feet (1,000 m). It frequents primary and mature secondary rainforests, forest edges, wooded grasslands, and mangrove forests.

The subspecies have the following distributions:

• T. m. megalorhynchos – Talaud and Sangihe Islands to western New Guinea
• T. m. affinis – south Maluku Islands
• T. m. subaffinis – Tanimbar Islands and Babar Island
• T. m. hellmayri – southwest Timor, Semau and Roti Islands
• T. m. viridipennis – Kalaotoa and Madu Islands, south of Sulawesi
• T. m. sumbensis – Sumba, Lesser Sunda Islands
• T. m. floris – Flores, Lesser Sunda Islands
• T. m. djampeae – Tanahjampea and Kalao Islands, south of Sulawesi

Though widespread, the Great-billed Parrot has specialized habitat needs and is absent from many small islands within it’s range. Deforestation presents a major threat to some populations.

Diet and Feeding

In the wild, the Great-billed Parrot feeds mostly on fruits, berries, nuts, and seeds. Documented food items include:

• Fruits of Sonneratia, Canarium, Ficus, and Artocarpus trees
• Figs, breadfruit
• Nuts of Canarium and casuarina trees
• Berries of various types
• Corn crops (causing damage at times)

They use their massive bill to open hard nuts and fruits. They may gather in small flocks of up to 12 birds to feed communally.

In captivity, the Great-billed Parrot should be provided with:

• A variety of fruits such as apples, oranges, pears, bananas, berries
• Vegetables like carrots, squash, sweet potato, beans
• Leafy greens like kale, spinach, lettuce
• Sprouted seeds
• Nuts like almonds, walnuts, pecans
• High quality parrot seed mix
• Occasional treats like whole grains, pasta, nuts in the shell

A supplement of standard parrot pellet can ensure all nutritional needs are met. Fresh water should always be available. New foods should be introduced slowly and cautiously to these birds.

Breeding and Reproduction

In the wild, the Great-billed Parrot nests in tree cavities, laying eggs from August to December. The clutch size is usually 2 eggs.

The eggs are broad ellipses measuring 1.5 x 1.1 inches (39 x 28 mm) in size. Incubation lasts 25-27 days. Chicks fledge at around 9 weeks old.

Both parents participate in incubating the eggs and caring for the young. They are fed by regurgitation. After leaving the nest, the chicks remain dependent on the parents for an additional few weeks.

Breeding the Great-billed Parrot in captivity has been rare. However, successful breeding has occurred in large planted aviaries. Pairs are provided with nest boxes approximately 12 x 12 x 24 inches (30 x 30 x 60 cm) in size.

The hen incubates the eggs alone while the male stands guard nearby. He will feed the female as she sits on the eggs. The chicks are fed through parental regurgitation.

Most breeding activity occurs during the natural season of August through December. Removing nest boxes during non-breeding times can help control egg production.

Vocalizations

The Great-billed Parrot has a repertoire of noisy vocalizations used for communication.

Their flight call is a harsh, raucous screech described as “raa-raa-raa.” They make loud squawking sounds when perched.

Other vocalizations include growls, whistles, and contact calls. These parrots have a “chattering” begging call when soliciting food from their mates or parents.

In general, they are not considered a particularly loud or noisy species compared to other parrots. However, their vocal activity increases during the breeding season and when traveling in flocks.

In captivity, these vocalizations can be minimized by providing adequate space, enrichment, and access to other birds. Excessive screaming may indicate stress, boredom, or frustration. Ensuring their needs are met can help prevent problem noise levels.

Conservation Status

The Great-billed Parrot has a large range and population size, and is therefore classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

It’s global population has not been quantified but is suspected to number over 50,000 mature individuals based on it’s widespread distribution.

However, some localized populations are declining or endangered:

• The subspecies T. m. sumbensis of Sumba has fewer than 1,700 individuals remaining and is classified as Endangered.
• T. m. floris of Flores has suffered declines due to heavy trapping for the pet trade.
• Habitat loss also threatens populations on smaller islands.

The Great-billed Parrot is listed on Appendix II of CITES, indicating regulated international trade. Trapping for the pet trade occurs in some areas despite legal protection.

Conservation priorities for this species include reducing exploitation, protecting key forest habitats, and restoring native vegetation on islands where populations are declining. With targeted conservation action, the outlook for this adaptable parrot can remain positive.

In Aviculture

The Great-billed Parrot is rare in aviculture and challenging to breed in captivity. However, with proper care they can make engaging pets.

These parrots should be housed in large planted aviaries or spacious indoor enclosures measuring at least 4.5 x 1 x 2 m (14.7 x 3 x 6 ft). The temperature should be kept above 50°F (10°C).

Provide ample space for flying and climbing along with areas for bathing. Offer a variety of parrot toys, swings, and natural wood perches for enrichment. Rotate new toys in frequently to prevent boredom.

The Great-billed Parrot can be kept in colonies provided there is adequate space. However, care should be taken when breeding since males may fight over nest sites.

Breeding pairs should be provided with nest boxes measuring approximately 16 x 16 x 24 inches (40 x 40 x 60 cm). Most breeding activity occurs between August and December.

With excellent care and housing, the Great-billed Parrot can make a long-lived pet. However, they remain a rare find in private aviculture collections.

Conclusion

The Great-billed Parrot is a visually striking and vocal island species with specialized habitat needs across it’s southeast Asian range. This sociable parrot has adapted to feed on a wide variety of fruits, nuts, and seeds from it’s tropical forest home.

While still relatively widespread in the wild, some populations face threats from habitat loss and trapping for the pet trade. Their specialized island distributions make them vulnerable. Continued conservation management is important for the long-term outlook of this species.

In aviculture, the Great-billed Parrot presents challenges but can thrive when properly cared for. This little-known parrot remains a rare find in captivity. Those privileged to care for one should provide extensive space, enrichment, and a varied diet.

The Great-billed Parrot provides a window into the rich diversity of parrots originating from Indonesia and other island chains. Learning about rare species like this helps shine a light on the need to protect delicate island ecosystems. With proper habitat conservation, this charismatic bird will continue brightening the forests of southeast Asia with it’s brilliant plumage and boisterous nature for decades to come.

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First, a quick overview of the genus. Tanygnathus parrots fall within the family Psittaculidae in the order Psittaciformes. Their geographic range spans scattered islands in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The four species we’ll spotlight all share some common traits – green plumage, curved bills adapted for cracking hard nuts and seeds, strong flight abilities, and high intelligence. But as we explore each one you’ll notice unique differences setting them apart.

Ready to have your mind blown by nature’s innovation on the Tanygnathus branch of the parrot evolutionary tree? We’ll be covering:

• The giant of the bunch – the Great-billed Parrot
• The blue-capped charmer – the Blue-naped Parrot
• The Indonesian islander – the Blue-backed Parrot
• The black-masked marvel – the Black-lored Parrot

Let’s fly into our first species spotlight!

Anatomy and Appearance

The parrots of genus Tanygnathus share some common physical traits but also exhibit distinctive features between the four species.

In general, these are medium to large sized parrots, ranging from about 30-40 cm (12-16 inches) in total length. Their plumage is predominantly green, with some variation in back color and facials markings. All Tanygnathus parrots have strong curved bills adapted for cracking into hard nuts and seeds, which make up the bulk of their diet.

Male and female parrots look similar, though males may have brighter facial hues while females are often slightly smaller in stature. Juvenile birds resemble adults but with less vibrant colors.

Now let’s take a closer look at the distinguishing anatomy of each species:

• Great-billed Parrot – The largest of the genus at 40-43 cm (16-17 inches), aptly named for its massive black curved bill. Overall bright green plumage.
• Blue-naped Parrot – Medium size around 33 cm (13 inches). Green with distinctive blue patch on nape. Smaller curved bill.
• Blue-backed Parrot – Medium size around 30 cm (12 inches). Green with blue back and rump. Medium curved bill.
• Black-lored Parrot – Smallest around 28 cm (11 inches). Green with black lores around eyes. Short curved bill.

The specialized bills and specialized color patterns help these birds thrive in their island habitats, as we’ll explore next.

Species Spotlights

Now let’s spotlight our four Tanygnathus parrots in more detail:

Great-billed Parrot

The Great-billed Parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos) is the largest and most threatened of the genus. It is a 40-43 cm (16-17 inch) green parrot endemic to the Philippines. It is identified by its massive black curved bill but is critically endangered due to habitat loss and the pet trade. Only about 600-700 birds exist in the wild.

Blue-naped Parrot

The Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis) is a medium, 33 cm (13 inch) green parrot with a distinctive blue patch on its nape, found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It is considered near threatened. Though, it’s specialized blue marking on the nape helps it blend into the forest canopy.

Blue-backed Parrot

The Blue-backed Parrot (Tanygnathus sumatranus) inhabits Indonesia and Malaysia, found only on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. It can be identified by it’s unique coloration with blue back and rump, which helps it camouflage in the rainforest. It is a medium, 30 cm (12 inch) green parrot and is also classified as near threatened.

Black-lored Parrot

Lastly, the Black-lored Parrot (Tanygnathus gramineus) is the smallest species at 28 cm (11 inches) and has black plumage around it’s eyes (a distinctive black facial mask). Its range is limited to Indonesian islands and it is considered vulnerable.

Behavior and Intelligence

The parrots of the Tanygnathus genus display behaviors common among parrots as well as some interesting differences between species.

In general, these parrots are active, social, and noisy birds. They spend most of their time foraging and feeding on fruits, nuts, seeds, and nectar. Their strong curved bills allow them to access enclosed and hard food sources.

Courting displays involve vocalizations, bobbing movements, and feeding between pairs. They nest in tree cavities and both parents help care for the young.

Tanygnathus parrots are intelligent problem solvers. For example, the Great-billed Parrot uses its massive bill to wedge hard nuts and twist them open.

Some behavioral differences:

• The larger Great-billed is dominant in its forest habitat, while the smaller Black-lored is more timid.
• The Blue-naped travels up to 18 km (11 miles) in large flocks when foraging. Other species tend to stay within a smaller home range.
• The Blue-backed parrot engages in geophagy – ingesting clay and soil – more than other family members.

Overall, these parrots display a range of adaptations that aid their survival in the island rainforests they call home. Their specialized beaks, coloration patterns, sizes, and behaviors all contribute to their success as a diverse genus.

Threats and Conservation

Unfortunately, all four species of Tanygnathus parrots face threats to their survival in the wild:

• Habitat loss – Deforestation for logging and agriculture is destroying their forest habitat. They rely on old growth forests with adequate nesting cavities.
• Pet trade – Their popularity as exotic pets leads to trapping and export. Overcollection has decimated populations.
• Small range – Endemic to specific islands, their already restricted habitat is shrinking. Limited gene pools make populations vulnerable.

Conservation efforts are needed to preserve these rare parrots:

• Habitat protection in protected areas and reserves
• Banning collection from the wild and trade
• Captive breeding programs to supplement wild populations
• Ecotourism to fund conservation and offer alternative livelihoods
• Community education about protecting local wildlife

We all have a role to play in saving these unique tropical parrots. Support conservation groups, travel responsibly, and spread awareness about the threats they face. It’s not too late to ensure Tanygnathus parrots thrive for generations to come.

Conclusion

The parrots of the genus Tanygnathus showcase an amazing diversity of size, color, behavior, and habitat across just four species. Ranging from the massive, critically endangered Great-billed Parrot to the tiny Black-lored Parrot, these birds have specially adapted to survive and thrive on their island homes.

We explored their anatomy, appearance, geographic ranges, diets, and conservation status. While they share common parrot traits like intelligence and social behavior, we also uncovered unique differences between the species. The Blue-naped travels in large flocks, while the Great-billed uses its giant bill as a tool. The Blue-backed ingests clay, and the Black-lored is more timid.

Hopefully this guide provided insight into the wonders of Tanygnathus parrots. But it may also inspire you to help protect these vulnerable species. Habitat loss, overcollection, and their restricted ranges put their future at risk. By supporting conservation efforts, we can ensure these captivating parrots continue to brighten their tropical island ecosystems for generations to come.

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